@Article{CalheirosMach:2014:ClRaLi,
               author = "Calheiros, Alan J. P. and Machado, Luiz Augusto Toledo",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "Cloud and rain liquid water statistics in the CHUVA campaign",
              journal = "Atmospheric Research",
                 year = "2014",
               volume = "144",
                pages = "126--140",
             keywords = "cloud liquid water, cloud types, droplet size distribution, radar, 
                         radiometer.",
             abstract = "The purpose of this study is to present statistics related to the 
                         integration of cloud and rain liquid water and the profiles for 
                         different cloud types and regimes. From 2010 to 2012, the CHUVA 
                         project collected information regarding cloud and rain 
                         characteristics in different precipitation regimes in Brazil. 
                         CHUVA had four field campaigns between 2010 and 2011, located in 
                         the North, Northeast and Southeast regions of Brazil, covering the 
                         semi-arid, Amazon, coastal and mountain regions. The synergy of 
                         several instruments allowed us to classify rain events and 
                         describe the cloud processes regionally. Microwave radiometers, 
                         LiDAR, radar, and disdrometers were employed in this study. The 
                         rain type classification was made using vertical profiles of 
                         reflectivity (VPR) and polarimetric variables from dual 
                         polarization radar (XPOL). The integrated liquid water (ILWC) for 
                         non-precipitating clouds was retrieved with a microwave 
                         ground-based radiometer using a neural network. For rainy 
                         conditions, the profiles from the rain liquid water content (LWCR) 
                         and their integrated (ILWR) properties were estimated by Micro 
                         Rain Radar (MRR) and XPOL VPRs. For non-precipitating clouds, the 
                         ILWC values were larger for the sites in tropical regions, in 
                         particular near the coast, than for Southeast Brazil. For rainy 
                         cases, distinct LWCR profiles were observed for different rain 
                         classifications and regions. The differences are small for low 
                         rain rates and a distinction between different rainfall regimes is 
                         more evident for high rain rates. Vale and Bel{\'e}m clouds 
                         present the deepest layers and largest convective rain rates. The 
                         clouds in the Southeast region of Brazil (Vale do 
                         Para{\'{\i}}ba) and North region (Bel{\'e}m) showed the largest 
                         reflectivity in the mixed and glaciated layers, respectively. In 
                         contrast, the Northeast coastal site (e.g. Fortaleza) showed 
                         larger values in the warm part of the clouds. Several analyses are 
                         presented, describing the cloud processes and the differences 
                         among the cloud types, rain rates and regions.",
                  doi = "10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.03.006",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.03.006",
                 issn = "0169-8095",
                label = "scopus 2014-05 CalheirosMach:2014:ClRaLi",
             language = "en",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.03.006",
        urlaccessdate = "27 abr. 2024"
}